An increasing number of edu- cational projects are being de- voted to the identification of competencies or skills that are re- quired by some particular occu- pational or learner group. This phenomenon appears to have emerged from interest in in- creased program effectiveness and the development of performance- based teacher education programs of the early 1970s, as well as from the applications of "systematic ap- proaches" to the design and de- velopment of learning programs (e.g., Branson et al., 1975; Corri- gan et al., 1975; Dick & Carey, 1978). The development of sys- tem(s) approaches and compe- tency-based programs is highly interrelated, with the compe- tency-based programs being spe- cific examples of the application of systematic approaches.